9:50 am EDT Tuesday update: The Atlas V rocket has returned to its hangar at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station to take shelter from Hurricane Idalia, which is forecast to strike the Florida Gulf Coast this week. This rollback of the rocket likely pushes the launch until no earlier than some time Labor Day weekend.
8:45 pm EDT Monday update: The launch of an Atlas V rocket with the Silent Barker mission has been postponed from Tuesday due to Tropical Storm Idalia. "Out of an abundance of caution for personnel safety, a critical national security payload and the approaching Tropical Storm Idalia, the team made the decision to return the rocket and payload to the vertical integration facility (VIF)," ULA said. "We will work with our customers and the range to confirm our next launch attempt and a new date will be provided once it is safe to launch."
Original post: The National Reconnaissance Office doesn't typically talk about any of its missions, but in an unusual break with precedent, the button-down spy satellite agency is taking a different tack with its next launch Tuesday from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
"We’re trying to be more transparent and share more information," said Chris Scolese, director of the National Reconnaissance Office, in a roundtable with reporters Monday. As more countries and companies launch missions into space, Scolese said the space environment is becoming more congested, contested, and competitive.
"It’s also becoming easier and easier to see what’s going up there," Scolese said. "We want to let people know, to some extent, what our capabilities are."
The NRO has multiple satellites—officials won't say exactly how many—mounted on top of a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket for liftoff at 8:34 am EDT (12:34 UTC) from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. Their destination is geosynchronous orbit, a belt of satellites positioned more than 22,000 miles (nearly 36,000 kilometers) over the equator.
In geosynchronous orbit, a spacecraft completes one lap around Earth at the same rate as the planet's rotation, giving a satellite a constant view of the same geographic region. That makes geosynchronous orbit a popular location for communications satellites, weather observatories, and platforms to detect the first sign of a missile attack.
The US Space Force and the NRO have numerous satellites in geosynchronous orbit, and the mission poised for liftoff Tuesday will help track potential threats to those multibillion-dollar assets.
“Geosynchronous orbit is far away," Scolese said. "Ground-based systems have a harder time seeing what’s up there. This provides us the capability of being in this same orbit, so that we’re closer to what’s happening up there. It will not be looking at the ground, it will be looking at space.”
You can watch Tuesday's launch on ULA's live webcast, which we have embedded on this page.
Bark or bite?
This new mission also has a snappy code name—Silent Barker—and an eye-catching mission patch, which isn't unusual for launches with NRO spy satellites.
The NRO and the Space Force are partners on the Silent Barker mission. The NRO managed the development of the satellites and will operate them once they're in orbit, while the Space Force is providing the launch on ULA's Atlas V rocket.
The Silent Barker satellites will detect and continually track other objects in geosynchronous orbit, a capability that military leaders have prioritized over the last decade. In that time, Pentagon officials say there has been an escalation in "cat and mouse" games between US satellites and those operated by China and Russia.
US officials have highlighted several occurrences of Russian inspector satellites approaching US spy satellites flying in low-Earth orbit in recent years. Higher up in geosynchronous orbit, another mysterious Russian military satellite has roamed near numerous commercial communications satellites and a French-Italian military spacecraft, raising concerns that it may be trying to intercept radio signals.
The US military already has its own satellites capable of approaching other objects in geosynchronous orbit. These satellites, part of the Space Force's Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program (GSSAP), were part of an orbital dance with two Chinese military satellites last year.
The US military dispatched one of the GSSAP satellites to get a closer look at the two Chinese spacecraft, but the Chinese satellites took off in opposite directions. Then one of the Chinese spacecraft settled into a position to get a sunlit view of the Space Force surveillance satellite that had been chasing it.
So far, there haven't been reports that any of these cat-and-mouse games have resulted in either a physical or cyber attack on a US military satellite, but that's what the Silent Barker mission is designed to guard against.
“The idea of the mission is to put a satellite into geosynchronous orbit and then to be looking at that orbital regime and get a sense of what’s happening day to day," Scolese said. "Satellites do move in geosynchronous orbit. You’ve heard about communications satellites moving from one location to another to provide better coverage to other areas."
Officials have not disclosed what companies were involved in building the Silent Barker satellites or what kind of sensors the spacecraft will use. The budget for the program also remains a secret.
"Certainly, we want to be able to see that so we know what’s going on in the area, but we also want to know if something is going on that is unexpected, or shouldn’t be going on, that could potentially represent a threat to a high-value asset, either ours or one of our allies'," Scolese said.
He called the Silent Barker mission a "watchdog" in geosynchronous orbit. That's similar nomenclature to the "neighborhood watch" description the Space Force has used for the GSSAP satellites. A key difference between the Silent Barker and GSSAP programs, according to military officials, is the ability of the Silent Barker satellites to continually monitor the position, or "maintain custody," of other objects in geosynchronous orbit.
“What Silent Barker is going to do is provide that indication and warning (of a possible threat to a US satellite), so it can inform decisions about what we do or don’t need to do in terms of maneuvers or awareness," Scolese said.
“The capability that we’re going to launch tomorrow goes a long way to giving us competitive endurance and competitive advantage in space to make sure we not only see, but maintain custody of the threats in GEO (geosynchronous orbit)," said Lt. Gen. Michael Guetlein, who heads US Space Systems Command, which oversees the military's procurement of satellites and rockets.
The military currently relies primarily on ground-based radars to scan geosynchronous orbit. Silent Barker follows up on a dedicated military surveillance satellite that launched in 2010 with an optical sensor to look up at geosynchronous orbit from low-Earth orbit, just a few hundred miles above Earth.
Placing the Silent Barker sensors closer to their observational targets will give the NRO and the Space Force a new set of eyes in geosynchronous orbit. Ground radars come with limitations because they can only see part of the sky at a given time, and there are factors like the weather to consider. The radars also can only detect an object about the size of a basketball or larger. Silent Barker will see smaller objects and won't be subject to terrestrial limitations.
Deterrence
The NRO and the Space Force—formerly the Air Force—have historically overseen separate space programs, with the NRO focused on collecting super-sharp optical and radar images of strategic locations worldwide and eavesdropping on the communications signals from adversaries. They joined forces on Silent Barker a few years ago.
Scolese said it took about three years to develop the Silent Barker mission from the time the Space Force and the NRO decided on an architecture for the program. “Working together, we’ve developed a system in a relatively short amount of time that’s going to provide us with unprecedented coverage of what’s going on in the GEO belt."
The NRO and the Space Force are talking about the Silent Barker mission because US officials want to deter attacks on satellites by other countries, Guetlein said.
"A huge element of deterrence is the ability for the adversary to know what we can and cannot see," Guetlein said. "So we actually want our competitors to know that we have eyes in GEO and can see what’s happening in GEO. Not only are we going to maintain custody and be able to detect what’s going on in GEO, but we’ll have communications and warnings to know there’s something out of the normal occurring. And that goes a long way toward deterrence.”
While the raw data from the Silent Barker satellites will likely remain classified, the tracking information will feed into the military's catalog of space objects, which is publicly available and widely used by commercial and international satellite operators to avoid collisions and interference.
"This data will allow us to have a better-defined space catalog of the objects in geosynchronous orbit and what behavior those objects (exhibit)," Guetlein said.
US officials plan at least one more launch with additional Silent Barker satellites in the coming years, allowing the multi-spacecraft constellation to be fully operational in 2026, Scolese said.
Atlas V is back in action
The launch of the Silent Barker mission Tuesday marks the first flight of an Atlas V rocket in nearly 10 months, the longest gap between Atlas V missions in 20 years. The Atlas V was once a workhorse in the launch industry, delivering payloads to space for the military, the NRO, NASA, and commercial customers.
The most recent Atlas V launch last November was the final flight of the rocket from California. The last Atlas V launched from Cape Canaveral nearly 11 months ago.
United Launch Alliance is phasing out the Atlas V in favor of its replacement, the Vulcan rocket, which the company hopes to debut before the end of this year. There are 19 Atlas V rockets left in ULA's inventory, including the mission Tuesday, and all have been sold to customers. Most of the remaining Atlas Vs are reserved for launches of Amazon's Kuiper broadband constellation and Boeing's Starliner crew capsule.
The Silent Barker mission is the 18th and final Atlas V launch for the NRO. Overall, it will be the 98th launch of an Atlas V rocket since its first flight in 2002.
The Atlas V rocket on Tuesday's mission will place the Silent Barker satellites close to their final geosynchronous orbit. The launcher will jettison its five solid rocket boosters a couple minutes after liftoff and continue firing its Russian-built RD-180 main engine for around four-and-a-half minutes. Then a Centaur upper stage will take over for multiple burns over several hours before releasing the Silent Barker satellites.
Delays in readying payloads for Atlas V rockets, not ULA schedule slips, have been the primary cause for long waits between Atlas launches. Boeing's Starliner crew capsule was supposed to launch with astronauts for the first time on an Atlas V rocket in July, but the test flight has been delayed to no earlier than March 2024 to resolve technical problems with the spacecraft.
An Atlas V rocket was also supposed to launch a large broadband satellite for Viasat and a Space Force mission this year, but those missions have also been delayed by payload problems.
It's now likely there will be just one or two more ULA missions this year: An Atlas V launch scheduled for late September with Amazon's first two Kuiper Internet satellites and the inaugural flight of the new Vulcan rocket, assuming it happens in December and doesn't move into 2024.
That would bring the total number of ULA launches this year to three or four, including the second-to-last flight of the company's Delta IV Heavy rocket in June. ULA has never launched so few rockets in a single year since its formation in 2006 with the merger of the rocket divisions of Boeing and Lockheed Martin.
